In a bygone era, the bill polearm emerged from humble origins as a mere agricultural implement, destined for a grand transformation that would see it carve its name into the annals of military history. A zenith of its influence graced the world during the tumultuous 14th to 17th centuries, where it reigned supreme not only upon English soil but also ventured forth to France, Italy, and the burgeoning American colonies.
This journey of metamorphosis was nothing short of epic. Originating from the rustic bill hook, a tool designed to prune the branches of fruit-laden trees, it performed a crucial role in gathering materials for home construction and fortifying clay walls. Yet, in a world of recurring feudal conflicts, a military adaptation of the bill hook emerged, borne of necessity. The impoverished villagers and townsfolk embroiled in war could ill afford the opulent weaponry of halberds.
The combat-ready bill hook's birth was heralded by its economical production, for it required none of the intricate forging techniques demanded by its grander cousin, the halberd. Thus, a bill weapon could be crafted by the village blacksmith without recourse to the forge welding method, save for the occasional inclusion of a spike, a feature not gracing all specimens. This thriftiness extended to the scarcity of iron and steel, precious commodities in medieval times. The state, too, found solace in the bill's cost-effective utility for equipping its militias, bringing the martial incarnation of the Bill Hook into being.
Not only the commoners, but even the gentry sought its embrace. A more opulent version of the bill, characterized by heightened reliability and aesthetic allure, catered to the wealthier segment of society.
The bill's visage was a canvas of endless variations, each wrought by the skilled hands of craftsmen. The simplest renditions bore beak-shaped blades, while more intricate examples showcased a solitary spike, lending an air of complexity to their construction. The presence of spikes hinted at the utilization of forge welding, a technique dependent on the master's preferences. These weapons, by classification, could be likened to glaives. The English Gentleman George Silver states in his Paradoxes of Defense that a Billhook should be 5 to 6 feet tall.
A dichotomy emerged within this category, distinguishing the white from the black. White bills, the product of city gunsmiths, boasted specialized knowledge and access to superior raw materials. In contrast, black bills emanated from the forges of village blacksmiths, jacks-of-all-trades who had to source their iron or modestly carbonize their own steel. This arduous process spanned the gamut from scouring rivers and swamps for iron compounds to the laborious transformation into pig iron through a bloomery. Such artisanal labor, compared to the city smiths, left the quality of the steel or iron somewhat wanting.
On the battlefield, the bill proved a formidable companion in the hands of a simple warrior, often a former peasant. Its beak-shaped blade possessed the ability to ensnare an adversary's armor joints, breaching chain mail with sweeping slashes. The spike, where present, became a potent instrument in combat, piercing through both chain mail and the crevices of plate armor. The extended shaft offered a distinct advantage against shorter weapons, particularly within tightly packed formations.
Under specific circumstances, a contingent armed with such a glaive subtype could pose a credible threat to cavalry units. Success hinged upon the limited size of the enemy's mounted force, preventing them from disrupting infantry formations and eroding morale. When infantry and billmen met mounted foes, the glaive's knack for exploiting armor joints and chain mail rings could shine.
Billmen could also seize the advantage in challenging terrain, where cavalry found their mobility restricted. Tight spaces, like breaches in walls, favored small groups of billmen who, despite modest organization, could fend off cavalry.
However, in open terrain, unorganized glaive-wielding warriors faced an uphill battle against cavalry unless bolstered by allied cavalry or firearms. The cavalry needed only to penetrate the first ranks to compromise infantry defenses. It was the Swiss mercenaries and landsknechts, distinguished by their professionalism and adept use of firearms and pikes, who stood as the exception.
The British Isles claimed preeminence in the popularity of the bill on the battlefield. In early 16th-century England, it harmoniously coexisted with bows, whereas other European nations transitioned to arquebuses and spades. The Battle of Flodden in 1513 immortalized the bill's martial prowess, with nearly 20% of English forces brandishing this glaive subtype. During the Italian War of 1542 – 1546, the British hinged their strategy on the bill's might, securing victory over Scottish pikemen through the skillful coordination of billmen and archers, aided by artillery.
As time marched inexorably forward, the bill, like most glaives, fell into obsolescence by the late 17th century. Yet, its legacy endured in the hands of English colonists in North America, where this erstwhile agricultural tool found new life as an affordable and formidable instrument of war. Thus, for the span encompassing the 15th to 17th centuries, the English infantry stood armed with the indomitable bill. In the annals of history, its tale resounds as an epic saga of transformation, utility, and valor.